Wrap-up
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Application playbook — forge dies, stamping, plastic molds, gears, extrusion
Five tool classes, five different recipes: typical steel, target case depth, target compound layer, preferred process, and the failure mode each recipe is designed to defend against.
Tying it together
Cross-cutting principles
Case depth scales with tool size and contact stress, not with operator preference. A 0.6 mm case on a plastic mold cavity is wrong for the same reason a 0.2 mm case on a forge die is wrong: the load profile dictates the depth, and a deeper case on a low-stress application buys distortion with no service-life return.
Compound layer phase matches the wear mode: ε for sliding and adhesive wear, γ' for impact and thermal cycling. A vendor who does not control phase delivers whichever phase the cycle happened to produce.
Distortion budget rules out high-temperature gas cycles for precision tooling. Plastic mold cavities, precision gears, long thin punches run plasma at 480-510°C, not gas at 560°C.
The wrong process for an application produces a worse part than the right process, full stop. A salt-bath cycle on a precision plastic mold cavity that should have been plasma typically scraps the cavity. The recipe has to match the substrate, the geometry, and the failure mode you are defending against; substituting a faster or cheaper process is not a substitute for the right metallurgy.
Up next: failure modes.
Sources
- Cogdill, I. A Forging Engineer's Guide to Modern Nitride Case Hardening for H13 Dies. https://www.isaaccogdill.com/forging/forge-die-nitriding-method-comparison
- Lee, S. et al. Thermal Fatigue Evaluation of AISI H13 Steels Surface Modified by Gas Nitriding with Pre- and Post-Shot Peening, Applied Surface Science. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0169433219309225
- Paulo. Ferritic Nitrocarburizing. https://www.paulo.com/capabilities/processes/heat-treating/ferritic-nitrocarburizing/
- HEF USA. Melonite QPQ. https://www.hefusa.net/salt_bath_nitriding_liquid_nitriding/melonite_qpq.html
- Plasma Nitriding of Plastic Mold Steel to Increase Wear and Corrosion Properties, Surface and Coatings Technology. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0257897209006513
- Rolinski, E. Modern Nitriding Techniques for Gear Applications, Gear Solutions Hot Seat. https://gearsolutions.com/departments/hot-seat-modern-nitriding-techniques-for-gear-applications/
- Optimized Compound Layer Design for Highly Loaded Nitrided Gears, Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance (2024). https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11665-024-09659-1
- Analysis of Wear of a Gas-Nitrided H13 Tool Steel Die in Aluminium Extrusion, Engineering Failure Analysis. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350630712001343
- Cracking in a Multiple Gas-Nitrided H13 Aluminum Extrusion Mandrel, Engineering Failure Analysis. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350630713000241